Abstract
The effect of two light intensities (25 μmol m−2s−1 and 50 μmol m−2s−1) on four developmental stages ofCeratozamia mexicana somatic embryos growing on semisolid plant growth medium at 25°C was measured. Growth parameters included fresh weight, morphology, and invertase and peroxidase activity. Under low light conditions, fresh weight was greater in stages 1 and 2 than in stages 3 and 4. In addition, there was a high frequency of hyperhydricity and polyembryogenesis in stages 1 and 2, whereas stages 3 and 4 were nonhyperhydric and unbranched. Stages 2–4 were green. Under high light conditions, embryos had lower fresh weights and less hyperhydricity, and stages 2–4 were green. Under low light conditions, peroxidase activity was less, although stage 1 embryos under both light conditions showed the highest activity. Stage 1 embryos required three to four months to develop to stage 2 under high light conditions and two to three months under low light conditions. Invertase activity under low light conditions was minimal in stage 2. All embryos had low invertase activity under high light intensity, and stages 2–4 had high levels of glucose. Embryo development from stage 2 to the next and for each subsequent stage under high light conditions required three to four months, and under low light conditions required four to five months. Higher light intensity therefore promotes the speedy recovery of plants.
Resumen
El efecto de dos intensidades de luz (25 μmol m−2s−1 y 50 μmol m−2s−1) fue registrado en cuatro estados de desarrollo de embriones somáticos deCeratozamia mexicana cultivados en medio semisólido, 25°C. Los parámétras de crecimiento incluyeron peso fresco, peso seco, morfología, y actividad peroxidasa e invertasa. Bajo condiciones de baja iluminación, el peso fresco de los estados 1 y 2 fue mayor que en los estados 3 y 4. Además, hubo una alta frecuencia de hiperhidratación y poliembriogénesis en estados 1 y 2, mientras que los estados 3 y 4 no resultaron hiperhidratados ni ramificados. Los estados 2–4 fueron verdes. Bajo alta iluminación, los embriones tuvieron un menor peso fresco y menos hiperhidratación. En baja iluminación la actividad peroxidasa fue menor, aunque en los embriones en estado 1 en ambas condiciones de iluminación mostraron la más alta actividad. Los embriones en estado 1 requirieron tres o cuatro meses para desarrollarse hasta el estado 2 bajo condiciones de alta iluminación; y dos o tres meses en baja iluminación. La actividad invertasa en condiciones de baja iluminación fue minima en el estado 2. Todos los embriones tuvieron altos nivelés de glucosa. El desarrollo de los embriones de estado 2 al siguiente y a los subsecuentes, bajo alta iluminación, requirió tres o cuatro meses, y bajo condiciones de baja iluminación requirió cuatro o cinco meses. Una alta intensidad luminosa parece promover la velocidad de recuperación de plantas.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature Cited
Booij, I., S. Monfort &J. J. Macheix. 1993. Relationships between peroxidases and budding in date palm tissues culturedin vitro. Pl. Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 35: 165–171.
Borkowska, B. &M. Kubik. 1990. Utilization and accumulation of14C-sucrose in sour cherry shoots rootedin vitro. Sci. Hort. 44: 261–267.
— &M. Opilowska. 1988. Influence of BA and other cytokinins on proliferation and metabolic status of sour cherry cultures cultivatedin vitro. Fruit Sci. Rep. 15(4): 147–156.
— &J. Szczerba. 1991. Influence of different carbon sources on invertase activity and growth of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) shoot cultures. J. Exp. Bot. 42: 911–915.
Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantification of microgram quantities of protein using the principle of protein-dye binding. Ann. Biochem. 72: 248–254.
Chávez, V. M., R. E. Litz &K. Norstog. 1992a. In vitro morphogenesis ofCeratozamia hildae andC. mexicana from megagametophytes and zygotic embryos. Pl. Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 30: 93–98.
——,P. A. Moon &K. Norstog. 1992b. Somatic embryogenesis from leaf callus of a mature gymnospermCeratozamia mexicana var.robusta (Miq.) Dyer (Cycadales). In Vitro Cell. Devel. Biol. 28P: 59–63.
Gamborg, O. L., R. A. Miller &K. Ojima. 1968. Plant cell cultures, I. Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50: 151–158.
Gaspar, T., C. Penel, F. J. Castillo &H. Greppin. 1985. A two-step control of basic and acidic peroxidases and its significance for growth and development. Physiol. Pl. 64: 418–423.
Howard, H. F. &F. H. Witham. 1983. Invertase activity and the kinetin-stimulated enlargement of detached radish cotyledons. Pl. Physiol. 73: 304–308.
MacAdam, J. W., R. Sharp &C. J. Nelson. 1992. Peroxidase activity in the leaf elongation zone of tall fescue. Pl. Physiol. 99: 879–885.
McDougall, G. J. 1992. Changes in cell wall-associated peroxidases during the lignification of flax fibres. Phytochemistry 31: 3385–3389.
Murashige, T. &F. Skoog. 1962 A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Pl. 15: 473–497.
Nelson, N. 1944. A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi method for the determination of glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 153: 375–380.
Preece, J. E. &E. G. Sutter. 1991. Acclimatization of micropropagated plants to the greenhouse and field. Pp. 23–33in P. C. Debergh & R. H. Zimmerman (eds.), Micropropagation: Technology and application. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Salame, N. &N. Zieslin. 1994. Peroxidase activity in leaves ofSyngonium podophyllum following transition fromin vitro toex vitro conditions. Biol. Pl. 36(4): 619–622.
Sánchez, M., G. Revilla &I. Zarra. 1995. Changes in peroxidase activity associated with cell walls during pine hypocotyl growth. Ann. Bot. 75: 415–419.
Van Huylenbroeck, J. M. &P. C. Debergh. 1996. Impact of sugar concentrationin vitro on photosynthesis and carbon metabolism duringex vitro acclimatization ofSpathiphyllum plantlets. Physiol. Pl. 96: 298–304.
Webb, D. T. 1983. Developmental anatomy of light-induced root nodulation byZamia pumila L. seedlings in sterile culture. Amer. J. Bot. 70(8): 1109–1117.
—. 1984. Developmental anatomy and histochemistry of light-induced callus formation byDioon edule (Zamiaceae) seedling rootsin vitro. Amer. J. Bot. 71(1): 65–68.
Ziv, M. 1991. Vitrification: Morphological and physiological disorders ofin vitro plants. Pp.in P. C. Debergh & R. H. Zimmerman (eds.), Micropropagation: Technology and application. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vargas-Luna, I., Ortiz-Montiel, G., Chávez, V.M. et al. Biochemical characterization of developmental stages of cycad somatic embryos. Bot. Rev 70, 54–62 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2004)070[0054:BCODSO]2.0.CO;2
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101(2004)070[0054:BCODSO]2.0.CO;2